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Virus-host interactions PI: Niklas Arnberg, Professor Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology Contact: niklas.arnbergclimi.umu.se In our project we are identifying and characterizing molecules and molecular mechanisms that regulate virus binding to host cells. We focus on adenoviruses, picornaviruses and to some extent norovirus and influenza A virus. A long-term  goal of our research is to define target mechanisms for antiviral treatment.   The adenovirus family contains more than 50 human types, and are divided into seven species (A-G). Approximately 90-95% of all adults have suffered from at least one adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses cause disease in eyes (species B, D, and E types), respiratory tracts (B, C, and E), tonsills (C), urinary tracts (B) and intestine (A, F and G). At present, there are no antivirals approved for treatment of adenovirus infections. Adenoviruses are in focus also for their potential use as vectors in gene and cancer therapy. In total, more than 1700 clinical trials have been initiated until 2010, and of these, more than 1000 address cancer diseases. The most frequently used vectors (400 clinical trials) are based on adenoviruses. In order to construct efficient vectors, however, the targeting of such vectors must be optimized. This includes identification of, and de-targeting from, the native receptors. In order for a virus to infect a host cell, the cell has to express specific receptors to which the virus attaches. The aim of this project is to characterize and/or identify cellular receptors for human adenoviruses, but also for ocular picornaviruses, for noroviruses (which cause winter womiting disease), and influenza A virus. Thus, our research can be used for development of for example, oncolytic adenovirus vectors with improved tageting, and for development of novel antiviral drugs that prevent virus binding to host cells. The research project is divided into five different projects: A) Identification and characterization of soluble host components that are used by group A (respiratory/intestinal) and group C (respiratory/lymphoid) adenoviruses as bridges to target cells, resulting in infection. This is critical for development of efficiently targeted oncolytic adenovirus-based vectors. B) Identification and characterization of cellular receptors for group B adenoviruses (respiratory/ocular/renal). Together with group C adenoviruses, group B adenoviruses are frequently evaluated as oncolytic vectors in clinical cancer therapy trials. C) Identification and characterization of the cellular receptor for ocular adenoviruses (and picornaviruses and some influenza A viruses), and development of antiviral drugs for treatment of the diseases caused by these viruses. D) Identification and characterization of the cellular receptors used by adenoviruses that are associated with obesity in humans. E) Identification and characterization of the cellular receptors used by intestinal viruses: group A and E adenoviruses and noroviruses, i.e. the viruses causing winter womiting disease. Summary of ongoing research projects in Swedish (Umeå University's Research Database)